Rubber and polyethylene terephthalate from recycling – components of building materials
Izabela Adamczyk-Królak
Abstract:
The article presents the basic methods of recycling including the reuse of rubber used for the production of car tires and plastic bottles (i.e. polyethylene terephthalate colloquially known as PET) with an indication of the possibility of their reuse in building materials. It was presented how the recycling of rubber and polyethylene terephthalate can form the basis for obtaining building materials, which due to the use of the above–mentioned post–waste products, obtain the desired properties that increase the efficiency of their use in building materials and construction solutions. The examples of such materials are also given. It was pointed out that the skillful management involving the use of the discussed waste contributes significantly to the protection of the natural environment. In the final summary, the effectiveness of applications of both rubber and flakes of PET for the production of composites reducing mechanical impacts and reducing the propagation of mechanical waves was indicated.
Keywords:
recycling; rubber granulate; polyethylene terephthalate; building materials
Hovhannes Avagyan
Abstract:
The paper presents the results of punching shear values with reinforcement based on calculations of two and four storey cast–in–place reinforced concrete flat plate system buildings with spans of 4 and 7 m in accordance with Armenian, Russian, European and American building codes under seismic action. The effect of punching shear on both interior and edge columns was carried out. All calculations by LIRA, Design Expert and RCM ACI–builder softwares were implemented. In contrast to Eurocode 2 (EN 2) and American Concrete Institute (ACI), the building codes of the Republic of Armenia (SNiP) do not include the influence of bending moment in shear stress equation. To analyze the systems finite element method (FEM) was used. The results of comparison analyses shown that according to SNiP the shear stresses do not exceed the limit even without reinforcement, whereas by foreign standards the differences between peak shear stresses with reinforcement and permissible shear reinforcement are marginal. To conclude, in shear stress condition the internal bending moments have a significant role, especially in seismic regions.
Keywords:
seismic action; finite element method; building codes; flat plate; shear reinforcement
The analysis of fracture mechanics parameters by concrete’s opening mode
Anna Bernatowicz, Andrzej Kazberuk
Abstract:
Nowadays fibre concrete, as one of the concrete`s composites, is still developing. The major idea of sustainable development deals with durability of constructions. Fibres in concrete improve resistant to cracks and by that increase durability. Taking this phenomenon into consideration, the knowledge of fracture mechanics parameters is really important. The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of basalt fibres addition to stress intensity factor and crack opening displacement (COD). Concrete discs 150 mm width and 50 mm thick with crack length’s 15, 45 or 75 mm were studied. Load was applied according to opening mode. Zwick/Roell Z250 machine was used in the experiment. Samples without fibres behave as quasi–brittle but these ones with fibres worked more like quasi–plastic material. Results were very diversified, because of heterogenic structure of concrete and the fibres tendency to fuse.
Keywords:
stress intensity factor; COD; Brazilian test
Frost resistance of concrete with fibers
Sylwia Anna Borowska, Marta Kosior–Kazberuk
Abstract:
The influence of different fibers (steel, propylene, microfibers) on the frost resistance of concrete elements was analyzed. Seven types of concrete specimens with various types of fiber reinforcement at 1,0 or 0,5% volumetric ratio were selected for test. Destructive de–icing salt impact in environment of cyclic freezing and thawing was determined based on the procedure of PKN – CEN/TS 12390 – 9: Testinghardened concrete – Part 9: Freeze–thaw resistance – Scaling. It was found that fibers are very important additives in concrete mixture. Frost resistance of concrete without this type of reinforcement is about five times lower than resistance of concrete with steel fibers. Moreover, frost resistance accompanying analyses such as absorbability, capillarity sorption was analyzed. Relationships between examined properties of concrete were noticed. All observations lead to comprehensive understanding of this important material.
Keywords:
concrete; frost resistance; scaling; fiber reinforcement; durability of concrete structures
Experimental verification of GFRP lighting poles
Filip Broniewicz
Abstract:
The purpose of this work is examination of GFRP lighting pole’s bending strength obtained with national standard‘s procedure in comparison with the results of full–scale poles’ experimental tests. 19 GFRP poles were submitted to bending tests, as well as their bending strength, according to PN–EN 40–3–3 standard, was calculated. The obtained results differed greatly. Current procedure of bending strength calculation, based on limit states theory, exhibit higher bending capacity than the capacity obtained from full–scale tests. Experimental study reveals that the basic failure mode of GFRP pole is local buckling in the vicinity of inspection hole. The Eurocode standard does not attach enough importance to this type of failure. It refers to this failure mode only partially, without providing accurate procedure of calculating pole’s bending strength. Moreover, it leaves the choice between experimental and calculation verification solely to the designer. Therefore, verification only by calculation poses a risk of inadvertent overestimation of pole’s bending strength.
Keywords:
lighting poles; GFRP; tests; bending strength
Analysis of features of residential construction in rural areas in Częstochowa region
Natalia Brycht, Zbigniew Respondek
Abstract:
The properties of architecture in rural areas have changed significantly over the past thirty years. The development in motorization, improvements in road infrastructure and more widespread access to the media as well as changes in the employment pattern have caused a decrease in the number of agricultural buildings in these areas. The modern countryside has rather become a place for living or economic activity and localization in a weakly urbanized area is often regarded as attractive. The purpose of the analysis presented in the article was a determination of the features of existing rural architecture around Częstochowa and an identification of current trends in rural construction. Detailed research has been conducted on an exemplary village, which is representative for the subject area. Research was conducted by a visual assessment “in situ” of 219 single–family houses and a targeted interview with twenty residents. On the basis of the collected material indexes describing such features as the age of the buildings and their architectural form, the type of elevation, thermal insulation of external building partitions or the type of roofing have been determined. Conclusions regarding the use of materials and construction solutions and the way of investment and overhaul works have been drawn.
Keywords:
rural architecture; single–family houses; building partitions
Pole SSF of the type W4 ONIIz(–2)/24 research of effort in glossary elements of electrical power
Tadeusz Czarniawski
Abstract:
An intense growth of the demand for the electric energy is forcing the demand for the electric energy contractors for transmission lines into applying more and more of structural high–tech solutions. It is also regarding the structure of overhead power grids so as poles. In order to draw up determining real deformations and stresses in elements was of electrical power engineering SSF pole of the type W4 ONIIz (–2)/24 subjected to the examination destroying on the research training ground in Żilina on Slovakia. The software as well as the selection and the assembly of measuring equipment they prepared for known direction of stresses in studied fragments of the pole what was at variance with the real schedule of stresses. The examination was performed 17 IX of 2009. On account of the improper assembly and the assortment of gauges electrical resistors achieved results based on the measurement system didn't correspond to real deformations. Based on obtained data determining real stresses and deformations of the pole in chosen elements inspected was a purpose of the article. Exploiting the property applied of measures electrical resistors, and knowledge about the durability of materials they caused the transformation of had results. Analysing received results it is possible to state that the pole was designed correctly, using the carrying capacity up took place as expected, loss of the local sedateness appeared by the base of the pylon that the pole was designed correctly, using the carrying capacity up took place as expected, loss of the local sedateness appeared by the base of the pylon In spite of applying wrong gauges electrical resistors a partly established purpose of research was achieved. With fundamental lack which made the full determination impossible measuring effort in points of fixing trusses of the pole was market paucity of applied gauges, resulting from organizational mistakes at the assembly of sphygmomanometers. Achieved results are confirming the correctness of the modelling of the coating of the pole in places of fixing trusses supporting energy wires of the pole.
Keywords:
stresses; deformations; electrical; measuring equipment
Moscow and Berlin. Industrial methods of housing construction as a solution of social problems
И.С. Чередина, Е.Ю. Рыбакова
Abstract:
Article is devoted to the solution of social tasks in Moscow and Berlin by introduction of industrial methods of construction and correction of architectural concepts. Authors consider standard series of industrial housing stock in Moscow and Berlin of the period of the end the 1950th – the beginning of the 1970th years. Parallels between the solution of housing tasks are drawn; similarities and differences in approaches to solving the problem are revealed.
Keywords:
Moscow; Berlin; types of panel house–building; microdistrict; New Cheryomushki; industrial methods of housing construction
Underpass as an element of disappearing architecture
Michał Czopek
Abstract:
The article shows the process of destroying and reconstructing one’s of the Sosnowiec underpass. The building have interesting structure of fasade from restored in 2017. Keep the style of those years. The the history of the city to which most of the inhabitants are found, with a larger number of miners in the city.
Keywords:
underground passage; destruction; architecture; mosaics
Tigran Dadayan, Lusine Karapetyan, Hovhannes Avagyan
Abstract:
Linear, nonlinear and test comparison analyses of flat plate slabs with shear reinforcement are presented in the article. Analyses of slabs with and without shear reinforcement by nonlinear simulations are introduced. The calculations of slabs without and with 0.16 m eccentricities were performed. For analyses finite element method were used. Design models of flat slab with column by “Lira SAPR” software were carried out. After the calculations whole results with experimental investigations were compared. The comparison analyses were shown, that presence of shear reinforcement far increase the capacity of slabs. Furthermore, the presence of shear reinforcement depends on eccentricity increases the axial force approximately 25%. Moreover, the difference between tests and nonlinear analyses results are about 6.4%.
Keywords:
reinforced concrete structures; flat plate; nonlinear analyses; finite element method; shear reinforcement
Roman Gąćkowski
Abstract:
In professional practice, when designing bridge span with prefabricated pre–tensioned prestressed concrete T beams, catalog solutions are often used, in which beams are usually laid side by side and joined by reinforced concrete slab. The spacing of beams is rarely used because it results in lowering the ultimate limit states of the bridge structure. The paper presents a comparative analysis of limit states of individual pre–tensioned prestressed concrete T beams depending on different variants of their spacing in bridge span, using standards PN-85/S–10042 and PN–EN 1992–2:2010. It was shown that prefabricated beams can be moved axially to the optimal distance of 1.35 m. while maintaining the standard conditions of ultimate limit states. Increasing the spacing of prefabricated beams has a positive impact on the costs of the entire project, significantly lowering the global investment cost.
Keywords:
bridge T beams; prefabricated bridge beams; pre–tensioned prestressed concrete beams
П.М. Гламаздин, Д.П. Гламаздин, Rudolf Schwarzenberger
Abstract:
The article presents the problems associated with the change of modes of heat sources of district heating systems of buildings and structures of urban development, in the conditions of Ukraine, as a result of thermal modernization measures. The necessity of deep modernization of district heating systems in Ukrainian cities was noted. The main directions and private decisions on improvement of work of systems of heat supply of the cities are offered. The necessity of modernization and reconstruction of water–heating boiler houses as an integral part of central supply heating system is emphasized. At reconstruction of heating boiler rooms it is very important to consider the changes which have occurred in loading, towards its reduction on hot water supply. In the case of reconstruction of low–capacity boilers, it is preferable to replace them with new. In district boilers and heat supply stations, the preferred options are the modernization of existing boilers and the installation of an additional boiler of lower capacity to cover the load on the hot water supply in the summer. The choice of the direction of modernization or reconstruction should be based on a mandatory feasibility study.
Keywords:
energy efficiency; operating costs; modernization; reconstruction; central heating system; boiler house; group boiler house; feasibility study
Małgorzata Gołaszewska, Arkadiusz Janic
Abstract:
The paper presents the results of rheological tests conducted to check how the content of ground granulated blast–furnace slag influences the yield stress and plastic viscosity of mortars with portland slag cement after 5 minutes from mixing. Tested Portland slag cements were obtained by mixing four Portland cements of various chemical and phase composition with three different ground granulated blast furnace slags of various origin, in an amount of 6, 10, 20 and 30% of the cement mass. The yield stress and plastic viscosity were determined using the Viskomat NT rheometer. The obtained results indicate a significant effect of the C3A content in cement on the rheological properties of mortars, and that the presence of ground granulated blast–furnace slag in cement generally lowers the flow limit, and slightly increases the plastic viscosity.
Keywords:
rheological properties of mortars; ground granulated blast furnace slag; yield stress; plastic viscosity
Installation as a way of displaying the space–time of the city by modern Belarusian artists
Татьяна Горанская, Нина Кожар
Abstract:
In the article compositional methods of installation in the city images by modern Belarusian artists are considered. It is shown that the installation can be interpreted as a way of mastering the urban space, reflecting the modern mosaic picture of the world and creating many new realities of the city in the visual arts.
Keywords:
city; fine arts; historical and cultural memory; erection
Modified compositions, based on hard alloy wastes, for straightening dies of construction fittings
Г.Г. Горанский , В.И. Жорник , А.И. Поболь
Abstract:
The aim of the work was the scientific substantiation of the feasibility of modifying of hard alloy wastes to correct the technological modes of their electrical contact sintering in the manufacture of the straightening and guide dies of construction fittings; the study the evolution of the structure and properties of the compositions, as well as the operational characteristics of the products. It has been established that the introduction of amorphized modifiers of the systems Fe–Ni–Mo–Co–Cr–B–Si and Ni–Cr–Si–B into the composite, based on the hard alloy WCo6 wastes, is accompanied by doping the matrix –Co phase by atoms with more atomic radius (Fe, Mo, Cr, Si) and interstitial impurities (B), leading to the appearance of atomic displacements in the vicinity of dopant atoms and an increase the lattice distortion of –Co phase, which contributes to the hardening of the sintered alloy, the growth of its mechanical and operational properties. The noted effect of modifying of hard alloy wastes makes it possible to involve them in the production by electrocontact sintering of the straightening and guide dies for construction fittings, significantly reducing the cost of products at a high level of their performance characteristics.
Keywords:
hard alloy wastes; modification; straightening dies; construction fittings
Aluminum and glass facade systems and their multicriteria assessment
Monika Górka, Agnieszka Leśniak
Abstract:
Aluminum–glass facades are one of the solutions for the light curtain wall. It is a sign of modernity, quality and aesthetics. The common use of aluminum and glass facades is due to the high functionality and high standard of use. The variety of aluminum facade systems offered by manufacturers means that the investor must choose one that meets certain criteria. The aim of the article is to present and evaluate selected and most frequently used aluminum facade systems. Three variants of systems offered on the market were presented and analyzed. The choice of the best variant was made using the multi–criteria analysis method. To enable the comparison and evaluation of the variants authors proposed four criteria. To encode the data four different methods were used to maximize the objectivity of the result.
Keywords:
aluminum and glass facade; multicriteria analysis; decision making
Agnieszka Grzybowska, Dariusz Bajno
Abstract:
In spite of appearances, the problem is very complex and significant, and its gravity is stressed by the lack of social awareness about the existence of such hazards in buildings which look massive and safe. There are a number of such facilities in our surroundings which are unconsciously used without proper knowledge of hazards posed by invisible and technically worn wood. The condition of wood is a cause of many construction disasters which may progress in the foreseeable future due to damaged ceilings in which beams had lost their support on walls through biological corrosion of the beam ends. There are a few reasons for such effects. Although these are points where the most serious hazards occur, such elements are practically not checked within the said areas. In contrast, the scope of wood damage becomes apparent usually at the moment of a construction disaster or demolition. Therefore, this problem should be deemed a research one which requires an urgent and effective solution not only in order to preserve the historical (heritage) value of such buildings and facilities but also to protect human health and life. This would entail determination of the most common reasons of degradation of wood and its durability over time. Physical processes occurring inside barriers, on whose the type, intensity and range of biological corrosion depend to a great extent, are ignored. This article presents an example of the influence of wood biological corrosion on operational safety of a roughage storehouse. In situ measurements of defects caused by wood biological corrosion were carried out and followed by static and strength calculations considering biological corrosion or without taking it into account.
Keywords:
biological corrosion; operation; hazard; structure diagnostics
Analysis of technical condition and consolidation of 30 meters lighting mast
Maksym Grzywiński
Abstract:
The article presents the method of consolidation the lighting mast at the Dąbrowa Górnicza Towarowa station. The analysis of the technical condition of the facility, a description of the presented tests and verification calculations according to PN–90 / B–03200 and the scope of works related to mast consolidation were made. The calculations were made in Robot Millenium 17.5. Conclusions on methods for monitoring the technical condition of the lighting mast and recommendations for renovation were formulated.
Keywords:
lighting mast; assessment of technical condition; consolidation
The quality of architectural space in the aspect of materials used and construction technologies
Anna Gumińska
Abstract:
The paper deals with issues related to the quality of the downtown architectural space in the aspect of applied technologies and building materials, their impact and impact on the quality of this space and the users themselves. Various research tools have been used, e.g. surveys, spatial analysis of development, structure analysis, functions, economic analyzes, social consultations, others. The studied space was degraded, with numerous social and technical–functional problems. The result of the research was the creation of a concept of spatial development of a small area of the Silesian city.
Keywords:
quality of architectural space; materials and construction technologies
Evaluation of freeze resistance of concretes modified with waste ceramics
Jacek Halbiniak
Abstract:
The paper presents the analysis of the impact of waste ceramics on compressive strength and resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing of tested concrete composites, made on the basis of broken aggregate. The freeze–thaw test was carried out using the traditional method for 150 cycles and using an image automatic analysis device determining the porosity structure of the concrete. The waste ceramics were dosed in the form of ground dust (so–called flour) in quantities of 5 and 10% of the cement mass. The ceramics for testing were ground in a mill and disintegrator and were obtained from the recycling of sanitary ceramics, ceramic wall tiles and ceramic roof tiles. The addition of such shredded ceramics influenced obtaining better workability of concrete mixtures.
Keywords:
modified concrete; freeze resistance; pore characteristics; ceramics
Self–compacting high–strength concrete with reduced shrinkage
Artur Jakóbczak, Sergii Koval
Abstract:
The possibility of self–compacting high–strength concretes with reduced shrinkage has been empirically proven by introducing porous additives saturated with water into the concrete mix, returning the absorbed water to the cement matrix during the maturation of the concrete. The use of saturated additives allowed to reduce the shrinkage of the cement matrix, improve the strength parameters under normal conditions and increased temperature. In the research, a computer model of spreading moisture in concrete was used, on the basis of which the applied expanded clay fraction was optimized.
Keywords:
contraction of concrete; self–compacting concrete; high–strength concrete
Arkadiusz Janic, Małgorzata Gołaszewska
Abstract:
The aim of this article is to present the relationship between physical and chemical properties and activity index for ground granulated blast–furnace slags. In the publication, special attention was paid to the differences and dependencies occurring in the chemical compositions and specific surfaces of the blast furnace slag investigated.
Keywords:
activity index; blast furnace slag
Deformability of a reinforced concrete pillar in the Polytech system
Janusz Juraszek, Arkadiusz Grzywa, Hubert Walusiak
Abstract:
The paper presents technology of monitoring a reinforced concrete pillar–connector of prefabricated walls. Prefabricated units made from a modified Polytech mortar containing expanded polystyrene derived from recycling were used to build a residential object. Reinforced concrete pillars that serve as wall connectors in Polytech system are load–bearing elements. In order to control the reinforced concrete connector of prefabricated walls under realistic conditions, a control technology was applied that involved introducing fiber Bragg gratings deformation sensors. FBG monitoring method enables constant measurements of deformations of a construction element during its exploitation. This is a big advantage of the measuring system. The most important aspect of this solution are FBG sensors introduced into the reinforced concrete structure. The use of measuring method based on sensors with Bragg’s gratings allows constant analysis of operational safety of a given element both, in the construction phase and during the normal use of the building. Pillar reinforcement in the tested points did not deform identically. Localization of sensors in the controlled units is also important. Tests carried out by means of fiber optic sensors allow to determine the real scope of deformation of the monitored rebars used in the reinforced concrete pillar that is a connector of walls prefabricated in the Polytech system.
Keywords:
monitoring; control technology; prefabricated buildings; sensors with Bragg’s gratings
Virtual architectural design on the exampleof a water harbor
Janusz Juraszek, Hubert Walusiak
Abstract:
Design strategy requires the proper order of actions. Each stage of the investment focuses on the data set and the results of conducted investigations. A virtual 3D model and computer simulations facilitate and accelerate the work of designers. Thanks to proper planning and consequent schedule implementation the whole project is carried in a timely manner. Proper logistics of actions, combined with the implementation strategy, translates also into the amount of incurred expenses. The specified order of actions, together with staying within the certain budget, are the key to successful completion of the project. Water harbor is the example of an object that is affected by various external and internal factors. During its exploitation, the whole structure may be impacted by extreme values. Each public building undergoes regular technical inspections. Monitoring, that is, periodic inspections, can be supported with an ongoing measurements of the selected building structure parameters such as: deformations, stresses, displacement, temperature. For this type of applications, it is worth to use fiber Bragg gratings. All decisions, at every stage of the investment, are based on the obtained data and guidelines, as well as the results of necessary tests and analyses. A virtual 3D model plays a key role in the whole process. Interpretation of effectiveness of actions is supported by simulations that involve searching the proper solution. In some cases, this is done by means of the so called trial and error method. The sequence of events generates the proper order of actions. In extreme cases, failure to include any element may lead to irreversible consequences at the subsequent stages.
Keywords:
virtual design; visualization; water harbor; architecture
Katarzyna Kafel, Agnieszka Leśniak
Abstract:
There are many factors leading to the destruction of building structures, the most vulnerable of which being those built many years ago. Costs and methods of reinforcing their individual components are, among others, an important issue. The term "reinforcement" is indirectly related to conservation, that is a process aimed at maintaining the object in a greater than ever durability. The aim of the paper is to choose the method of reinforcing brick pillars constituting structural elements of historical buildings using the multi– criteria analysis method by synthetic measure values. The authors chose four criteria for the evaluation of variants, allowing to unambiguously choose the best option.
Keywords:
multi–criteria analysis; historic building; reinforcement; maintenance
Calculating float finishing disk geometric effectiveness with analytic method
Jarosław Kalinowski
Abstract:
Article presents a way of calculating geometrical effectiveness of Sg floating or grinding using analytic equations method. This way was compared to simulation method. Applying analytic equations allows decreasing the calculation time comparing to simulation equations for working elements in shapes of wheels or rings. Presented approximation of any geometric working elements with concentric rings allows for obtaining average value along disk movement direction in an exact way with small computational work. High rotation speeds in relation to progressive used in disk floaters give high uniform of treatment in a direction parallel to machine's movement that doesn't deviate significantly from the average. Usage of ring geometric effectiveness matrices which coefficients can be acquired from analytic equations and matrices of ring fill factors allows for getting values of disk geometric effectiveness in direction parallel to direction of the floater for a very small amount of computational work. Using optimization algorithms through modification of values of matrix fill factors can improve disk geometry due to desired geometric effectiveness and uniformity of its distribution.
Keywords:
geometric effectiveness; floating; grinding; concrete; simulation
Wiesława Kosmala-Kot
Abstract:
In the article the usage of ground anchors has been discussed and methods for their design has been presented. Results of calculations for TITAN and GSI ground anchors, for given load from sheet pilling securing trench and for given ground–water conditions, have been attached.
Keywords:
ground anchois; sheet pilling; trench
The proposal of a model for quality management system for construction services
Kamila Kowalik, Dorota Klimecka–Tatar
Abstract:
In this paper the proposal of a model for quality management system for construction services has been presented. The first part of the article contains the theoretical framework of quality management, system approach to quality and construction service. Afterwards, in reference to quoted literature and the outcomes of a customer questionnaire conducted among potential customers of construction enterprises, the proposal of a model for quality management system has been developed.
Keywords:
quality management; construction services; management system model
Diagnostics of steel construction elements
Krzysztof Kubicki
Abstract:
The paper presents selected diagnostic tests of steel construction elements. These tests are carried out both at the stage of quality control during the construction process and damage diagnosis of components during exploitation. To avoid damage during the test, non–destructive methods are usually used. The paper discusses commonly performed tests such as penetrant, magnetic–particle or ultrasonic tests, but also those that have only recently been used, for example, eddy currents or acoustic emission method. Also damage to structural elements occurring in construction incidentally are shown and rarely performed tests are described.
Keywords:
non–destructive testing; diagnostics; steel structures
Andrzej Kysiak
Abstract:
The article presents the analysis of comlementing all currently applied methods of stocktaking of constructions objects using laser scanning 3D which allows to determine geometry and properties of the surface very fast. Research works have been carried out within the framework of building expertise of the Monument to Honour the Heroes of The Battle of Mokra and prove that the results obtained by using laser scanning 3D cab enrich diagnostics activities conducted within the framework of control and technical inspection of building with complex shape and surface significantly.
Keywords:
laser scanning 3D; point cloud; modelling 3D
Andrzej Kysiak, Marek Koniecko
Abstract:
The article shows the results of construction expertise relating to establishment of reasons of settling foundations of multi–family building situated on expansive clays. Geotechnical research indicates that as a result of drawing water from expansive soils by trees, the clays' contraction occured. The article contains the conclusions which refer to methods of eliminating reasons of drying clays in the place of founding and securing the building.
Keywords:
construction failure; expansive soils; settling foundations
Selected properties of cement composites with addition of shredded polypropylene
Bogdan Langier, Krzysztof Werner, Włodzimierz Baranowski
Abstract:
The use of production waste in the concrete technology has an impact on reducing environmental pollution. The article presents the results of tests to check the impact of polypropylene dust, obtained from production waste, on selected properties of cementitious composite. Gravel concrete was tested, to which 1 to 5% of the polypropylene dust was added. The change in compressive strength, water absorption, capillarity under pressure and changes in pore characteristics have been checked. As a result of the research it was found that the applied polypropylene dust affected the tested properties and its effect was related to the amount of dust. The optimal amount of polypropylene dust was associated with the tested feature of the cementitious composite.
Keywords:
cement composites; shredded polypropylene; compressive strength; absorbability; capillary rise of water
Universal design in rehabilitation of people with disabilities
Наталья Лазовская, Константин Зборовский
Abstract:
The significance of principles of universal design and reasonable accommodation in design and construction of the built environment as contributors to rehabilitation outcomes for people with disabilities is determined by the following factors:
– aging of population and growing share of people with disabilities;
– evolution of principles and trends in social protection of people with disabilities from help and assistance toward active engagement in social and professional activity with full respect for and implementation of their rights;
– economic impacts of reduced budgets for socially targeted programs and costs of retrofitting built environment to ensure inclusion for people with disabilities, and, hence, reduced tax burden on the economically active population.
Thus, our research has shown that social exclusion of people with disabilities is determined for the most part (over 60%) by social and environmental factors, whereas biological and functional abilities contribution is limited to no more than 20%. Social and economic aspects, most importantly, the uptake of services provided, should be integrated into design and construction of the built environment. Furthermore, implementation of measures to create an inclusive environment based on the principles of universal design and reasonable accommodation calls for simultaneous expansion of a personalized approach for application of assistive technologies aimed at enhancing the physical independence of a person with disability through utilization of individual means of rehabilitation and social services
Keywords:
rehabilitation; disability; universal design; reasonable accommodation
Anna Lis
Abstract:
The paper presents energy consumption for heating and domestic hot water preparation in educational buildings located in the city of Czestochowa. Because the value of energy consumption in buildings is different from the calculated final energy demand for heating, ventilation and domestic hot water preparation, the factors which have an impact of both of these parameters were analysed. Among the indicators affecting the actual and calculated values of heat losses and gains, the analysis includes indicators referring to the window area, heat transfer coefficients for partitions, the shape factor of the building, facade–shading, shielding the facade from the wind, location of the building in relation to the sides of the world, amount of air exchanged in the ventilation process and the number of people staying in the rooms. The relationships between selected parameters and the demand and energy consumption for heating, ventilation and hot water preparation are presented.
Keywords:
energy demand; energy consumption; educational buildings
CNC technology in prefabricated wooden roof construction
Wiesław Liszewski
Abstract:
The article presents a modern approach in the design and implementation of prefabrication of wooden structures with the use of the so–called mechatronic approach and CNC techniques taking into account the optimal methods of managing human, material and hardware resources. An analysis of the existing methods of wooden structures manufacturing which are a support framework for roofs has been made. It has been shown that the use of advanced techniques for the production of wooden roofs translates into greater durability of the facility during exploitation. In addition, it greatly affects the cost of the investment and has a decisive impact on the quality of construction and material processes. This clearly translates into the durability and reliability of the wooden roof structure of the erected objects and its lifespan and technical efficiency, because the elimination of the original defects at this stage, later reduces the possible costs of repairs and protects the investor from excessive property value decrease.
Keywords:
processing of raw materials; optimization of construction processes; resource management
Mateusz Marciniak, Adam Ujma
Abstract:
The aim of the article is to discuss the problem related to the profitability of adapting the existing residential building made using modern materials and technologies to passive building standards. In particular, the issue of modernization of building partitions in order to obtain the required thermal permeability parameters was analyzed. The main idea behind the analysis is the answer to the question: whether the thermo–modernization of the existing building will be effective in terms of energy, but above all whether it will be profitable for the investor.
Keywords:
passive construction; energy audit; energy efficiency; profitability
Joanna Mędrzak
Abstract:
The paper presents the analysis and dimensioning of the reinforced concrete structure of the underground cylindrical water tank. It was assumed that the tank’s foundation is placed on the elastic subgrade. Two design situations were considered: a full excavated tank and an empty buried one. As part of the work, individual structural elements were analyzed and dimensioned, i.e. base slab, cover slab and side walls of the tank, and then their construction drawings were made. A review of the literature in the field of reinforced concrete structure design and analysis of standards and current regulations regarding the design of reinforced concrete tank construction for liquids was also carried out.
Keywords:
underground reinforced concrete tank; cylindrical shell; dimensioning
Analysis of the reinforcement of steel floor beams by connecting them with a concrete slab
Jacek Nawrot
Abstract:
This paper presents the analysis of the load capacity for bending and deflection of floor steel beam, which was reinforced by connecting it with an existing concrete slab. Connecting by high strength screws is proposed. The bending capacity and the value of the beam deflection were determined for the state before and after reinforcement, for three different length of span. The percentage incrase of load capacity and the value of final deflection of the reinforced element were determined. It was shown that for the analized cases, the bending strength of the beam after reinforcement increases about twice and the value of the deflection decreases by 26 to 59%. The usefulness of the proposed solution was confirmed as an alternative to traditional ways of reinforcing steel floor beams.
Keywords:
strengthening steel beams; composite beams; composite floors
The use of BIM technology in the building operation process
Jacek Nawrot
Abstract:
This paper presents the the possibility of using BIM technology in the building operation process. General information on the development of BIM technology is presented, issues concerning the multidimensionality of BIM models are discussed, giving the scope of information assigned to each n–dimensional model. The influence of the BIM modeling application on the reduction of the building operation costs was discussed, giving the factors that allow achieving this goal. An example of the scope of information available on the basis of a digital building model with a breakdown into individual thematic modules is presented. The need for an individual approach to configuring databases assigned to a virtual model of an object, taking into account the specificity of the building and user requirements was indicated. The attention is drawn to the need to update the information assigned to the model on a current basis in order to effectively manage the building.
Keywords:
BIM; digital building model; facility management
Reinforcement study of the monument suport concrete structure
Beata Ordon–Beska
Abstract:
The article presents the study of the RC foundation and pedestal reinforcement of the Monument of the Heroes of Mokra Battle. Two devices were used for the test: ferroscan Hilti FS10 and PM–650. Detailed results obtained from the devices are not fully compliant, however, both devices indicated a significant depth of reinforcement position both in the pedestal and in the foundation. None of the devices indicated the reliable diameter of the rebar. Considering the level of recorded signals and the indicated thickness of the cover, it should be assumed that small diameter rods have been used. The use of two devices based on the same research method but differing in the work parameters and the method of analysis and presentation of the results turned out to be helpful in the interpretation of the results.
Keywords:
reinforced concrete; diagnostic investigation; electromagnetic method; reinforcement
Przemysław Palacz, Maciej Major
Abstract:
The article presents a comparative analysis of displacements calculated using programs based on the finite
element method: ADINA, Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis and RFEM. A statically indeterminate bar
was adopted for calculations. Static analysis was carried out, and the results were presented graphically.
Keywords:
ADINA; Robot; RFEM; beam; bar structure
Witold Paleczek
Abstract:
The paper presents a solution to the problem of modeling the depressions of terrain and rock mass, in which simultaneous occurrence of: initial vertical displacement, asymmetrization and elevation was taken into account. The calculation formulas given have been developed on the basis of a theoretical and empirical study. They can be useful for engineering and construction purposes when used in modeling structures and construction in the areas of underground mining exploitation.
Keywords:
rock mass deformation; modeling; subsidence basin; uplift; asymmetry
Verification of the stability of the construction of steel lattice towers of OHL power line 110 kV
Jarosław Paluszyński, Sławomir Labocha
Abstract:
In the work one made sensitivity studies the relative effective slenderness on the compression capacity of the elements used in steel lattice–towers. The effective slenderness is counted with the regard of the type of of the end connections of the elements. One discussed the implementation of these rules of calculations in reference to new tower of overheading power lines 110kV. The verification of foundations of theoretical calculations of the capacity of elements of latticed towers one carried out during tests of complete constructions on the field tests. Tests were driven within the framework of the realization of the project partially financed from measures of the of the European Fund of the Development of the Regional Province of Mazovia No. RPMA.01.02.00–14–5672/16. Results of tests confirmed with the large accuracy the conformity of the estimation of the theoretical capacity of elements with the really designated limit capacity of systems lattice–tower, consumable as result of the loss of the stability. One confirmed the practical effectiveness of standard procedures contained in standard PN–EN 1993–3–1 within the range the modification of the dimensioning of compressed elements with constant cross section. For purposes of the article was the indication of the efficiency of innovative rules of calculations of lattice–towers systems providing the appropriate compression capacity of elements at the regard of economic aspects of solutions.
Keywords:
latticed steel towers; overhead electrical lines; testing of towers; stability of towers
В.Д. Петраш, Э.А. Гераскина, Н.В. Даниченко, И.В. Чернышева
Abstract:
The article presents a study of the joint work of heating and hot water. It has been established that the efficiency of the system increases with an increase in the coolant flow rate for hot water supply, as well as with a decrease in the coolant temperature in the heating system. Analytically, a rational combination of initial and regime conditions is established for a system with subcooling, which in the system of the analyzed structure provides the optimal value of the conversion coefficient.
Keywords:
heating and hot water supply; system efficiency; coolant flow rate; conversion rate
Reliability analysis of curved on plane hoist beam using coupling of Ansys APDL and Matlab
Mariusz Poński
Abstract:
The paper presents a reliability analysis approach of curved on plane hoist beam using the coupling of two programs: Ansys and Matlab. The analysis takes into account warping and geometrically nonlinear approach to determine the deformation of the structure. Two approaches of building a reliability function are presented: the first is based on probabilistic–deterministic design conditions and the second is based on a full probabilistic approach. The analysis showed high effectiveness of the approach used in the reliability analysis.
Keywords:
reliability; hoist beam; finite element method
Origins and development directions of diamond abrasive tools for processing of stone materials
Paweł Rajczyk
Abstract:
The technical level of the stone processing tools corresponds to the level of advanced technology of processing stone pieces of a specific degree of hardness. The analysis of historical building objects, e.g. in Ancient Egypt, informs and allows to put forward a hypothesis about the tools used at that time and the advancement of machining technology from the period from 3000 BC, where the small natural grains of the diamond, called amadeus, were used as an abrasive. The historical periods describing the diamond, as a raw material for the production of machining tools, proved that the degree of development of human civilization and the possibility of technical development of many branches of economic life in the whole world is determined by the determinant of machining tools. The study presents the genesis of the development of machining tools with placing and verifying the hypothesis about the production of diamond segments during the construction of the pyramids in Giza, with the 19th and 20th century development of diamond tools. The hypothesis put forward results from the conducted research studies analyzing the behavior of diamond grain in a metallic–tin bond.
Keywords:
diamond powder; stone materials; stone processing; tool development
Study on timber beams reinforced with basalt–epoxy rebars
Marlena Rajczyk, Damian Jończyk
Abstract:
Nowadays, the use of fiber composites is becoming more and more common in many areas of construction. Strengthening the structural elements at the production stage using FRP materials gives benefits related to reducing the dimensions of the structure or the possibility of using larger spans. The strengthening of reinforced concrete elements is very popular, while wooden elements are becoming more and more popular as well. Many works focus on the use of FRP tapes and mats, while research on the use of BFRP rods for wood reinforcement is scarce. In the work, experimental studies of beams made of glued laminated timber reinforced with BFRP basalt–epoxy rods were carried out. The rods have been glued in cross–section in various configurations. The comparison showed a beneficial effect of the use of bars on static work.
Keywords:
timber; strengthening; BFRP; composites
Experimental studies of adhesion of composite basalt reinforcement (BFRP) to concrete
Marlena Rajczyk, Bartłomiej Stachecki
Abstract:
The article presents innovative experimental research to determine the adhesion of composite basalt reinforcement (BFRP) to concrete. At the outset, the assumptions for the cooperation of materials in reinforced concrete structures and the currently applicable methodology for testing adhesion for steel bars and wires were formulated. The next chapter was entirely devoted to experimental research. The method of preparation of samples for the study and the planned number of research series are described indicating the differences between them. Great attention was paid to the proper method of assembly of samples on the board. The results of the research were included in a tabular form with a comment indicating the most important issues. The last chapter presents conclusions from research and observations related to research, at the same time indicating the need to further develop them.
Keywords:
basalt reinforcement; BFRP; adhesion to concrete
The Northern Corridor in Częstochowa – an example of road investments in Poland
Katarzyna Regulska
Abstract:
A short historical outline of road development in Poland in various periods of history is presented at the paper. Discussing the development of the 21st century road infrastructure in Poland, the country's priority investments is described, the implementation of which will improve communication, traffic flow and safety, facilitate access to and transport to investment areas and economic zones. One of many important road investments in Czestochowa has been presented in details, which has recently improved communication between the districts. This investment is one of the stages of the still unconnected link, which in the near future will significantly affect the development and facilitate communication between the districts of Czestochowa and surrounding towns. The overall shape of Poland's road infrastructure, in addition to huge motorway type constructions or highways, is even affected by small investments in the scale of individual municipalities, districts and cities.
Keywords:
road infrastructure; highway; expressways; national roads; Czestochowa road network
Сергей Васильевич Репин, Сергей Аркадьевич Евтюков, Ярослав Райчык
Abstract:
The efficiency of using transport and technology machines (TTM) as any material objects is determined by the level of reliability characterized as a property occurring over time in the adopted ranges of values of parameters characterizing the ability to perform the required functions in the ranges specified and their conditions defined by standards, e.g. GOST 27,000.83. Machine reliability is a set of properties that includes stability, long–term behavior of component features as an element of repair capacity. The notion of reliability period is also poured as load capacity in the work process, characterized as the state of the object at which it is able to perform programmed functions maintaining the values specified in the normative documentation. Parameters characterizing the fulfillment of given functions are determined by operational indicators of a given object, among which it is defined; efficiency, power, speed, thrust, braking characteristics, engine parameters in the load process, etc. For the practical evaluation of the machine user the concept of working capacity was expressed in the assessment of a complex technical condition for which it is possible to effectively plan their renovation, where the individual components of the parameters can be measurable parameters.
Keywords:
planning the renovation of technological and transport machines; reliability; operation; technical condition; measurement parameters of technical condition
The process of modeling the operational efficiency of transport and technological machines
Сергей Васильевич Репин, Сергей Аркадьевич Евтюков, Ярослав Райчык
Abstract:
Efficiency as a general description of the ownership of any system from the cognitive point of view is defined as the way of reaching a goal with an objectively expressed degree including expenditures for energy, technical and time resources. A given material uses the method of testing the effectiveness of the system by analyzing the target structure resulting from the determination and participation of the impact to assess the main goal in the entire structure of all elements of the system.
Keywords:
efficiency of using transport and technological machines; analysis of the goal’s path
Natalia Rzeszowska
Abstract:
The building is the result of an investment process that combines technology, construction and installation solutions, thus meeting the needs and expectations of investors. These solutions aim to create a microenvironment inside the building, which will be conducive to the comfort of people in it, as well as its high energy efficiency combined with the minimization of environmental impact. On the market, apart from conventional building technology, a number of innovative solutions are proposed. Most often, they aim to reduce the energy demand of the facility, guided in this way by constantly tightened regulations regarding energy efficiency in construction. One of such solutions are prefabricated buildings, which in 80% are produced in the factory and then assembled on the construction site. The article is an attempt to compare the energy efficiency of a prefabricated wooden frame construction and a conventional masonry building technology. The first part presents the characteristics of technology for both objects. Then an analysis of the energy efficiency of buildings was carried out, in order to compile and compare the obtained values in the last part.
Keywords:
energy performance; prefabricated wooden frame construction; conventional technology; thermal capacity; airtightness
The influence of structural elements on the architecture of the object
Nina Sołkiewicz–Kos, Sebastian Kowański
Abstract:
The architecture of objects in the steel structure results directly from the adopted structural and technological solutions. The form and aesthetics of columns, beams and trusses becomes an important element in shaping both the interior of the building and its external structure. Transparency of structural elements in comparison to masonry or reinforced concrete structures diversifies the form of the object, strengthens its reception, intrigues and stimulates the observer's imagination. In view of the scale of objects in the steel structure, implemented in the vicinity of urban areas as well as directly within cities, their architecture and construction will influence the shape of the cultural and natural environment more and more.
Keywords:
architecture; industrial architecture; steel constructions
Development of contemporary public spaces on the example of the skwer "Solidarity" in Częstochowa
Malwina Tubielewicz–Michalczuk
Abstract:
The article presents tendencies consisting in planning the integrated space between the object and the existing surroundings. The students' works on the analysis of public space in terms of the development of the. "Solidarity" and design concepts of retail and service facilities, taking into account the application of modern technological and material solutions. Projects show the diversity of architectural solutions, giving the opportunity to renew public spaces, simultaneously improving the image of cities and the comfort of living of its residents.
Keywords:
public space; revalorisation; project
Malwina Tubielewicz–Michalczuk, Marzena Odulińska
Abstract:
The article presents the use of copper as an innovative building material. Architectural projects have been presented, in which copper elements of various forms and shapes dominate. The designs include facades made of copper, copper roofing, as well as interior elements.
Keywords:
copper; architecture; civil engineering
Description of fatigue crack growth in steel butt–welded joints
Krzysztof Werner
Abstract:
The paper is to presents the test results of fatigue crack growth in various zones of butt–welded joints made of high–strength S355J2–steel. The fatigue crack growth was tested on flat samples in three zones of the joint: in weld material, in fusion line and in original material of steel–plate. The studies were performed with application variable cyclic tensile loading of constant amplitude. Based on the test results determined crack growth rate of fatigue cracking in the joint zones concerned, were described by the Paris–formula as function of stress intensity factor. The description takes into account both the fatigue crack growth rate of the external load stresses and residual stresses in the welded joint. The welding stresses resulted in a very rapid increase of crack growth rate in the weld material and in the fusion line in the initial phase of principal stage of fatigue crack growth rate.
Keywords:
welded joints; fatigue crack growth rate; welding residual stress
Influence of waste CRT cullet on some features of cement mortar
Bartosz Witkowski, Alina Pietrzak
Abstract:
Glass waste is a serious problem for enviroment all over the world. Glass as a non–biodegradable material, takes enormous part of room on dumps, what causes seriously enviroment pollution. The best way to overcome the negative influence on enviroment is to recycling. In this article has shown the analysis of influence addition of CRT cullet on features of cement mortar. CRT cullet has added to a cement mortar in amount 3, 6, 9 and 12% of cement mass with cement subsrtaction and in amount 3, 6, 9 and 12% of cement mass with sand subsrtaction. Preliminary surveys that has shown in this article, exhibits possibilities of using CRT cullet in cement mortar production, as obtained results are comparable with control series without using CRT cullet.
Keywords:
mortar; glass; ecology; cement; recycling
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