Assessment of the damping efficiency of a new type of concrete wall block
Izabela Adamczyk
Abstract:
The article presents a solution for a new type of concrete wall block, which transfers loads from the entire building and additionally dampens vibrations from the external medium directly inside the block. The shape of the new type of concrete block was described, as well as the method of its execution and basic application. An important element was the development of the location of the through holes in the block, the shape of which and the possibility of filling them allowed for the dispersion of the propagating mechanical wave directly in the block. A test was carried out to determine the reduction of vibrations on the test stand, and the average values of damping between the walls for wall blocks without filling (N) and with filling (NW) were calculated. To compare the results, the test was performed for PBF-24 hollow bricks available on the market. It was found that the shape of the new type of hollow block improves vibration damping more than 4 times, and filling the block with a recycled composite mixture increases the damping to 7.5 times more compared to the PBF-24 block. Another advantage was the management of recycling materials, which directly translates into environmental protection.
Keywords:
concrete wall block; vibration reduction; recycling
A method for modifying MMA mix with rubber fines used in asphalt concrete mix plants
Karolina Bednarczyk, Paweł Rajczyk
Abstract:
One way of improving the production process for asphalt concrete pavements is their modification with plasticizers or additives. The current tendency, when searching for innovative methods to increase the quality of manufactured asphalt concrete mixtures, is their modification with rubber dust, which is one way of improving the hardness characteristics of asphalt concrete pavements while, at the same time, minimizing environmental hazards through efficient material usage. The use of rubber from used car tires in the production of asphalt concrete mixtures proves to be an effective method for their management.
Keywords:
asphalt mix; modification; rubber dust; MMA; production technology
Libraries in Soviet architecture of the late 1920s-1930s
Irina Cheredina, Ekaterina Rybakova
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the design and construction of libraries in the USSR as one of the most important types of public buildings in the late 1920s-1930s. Trends in space-planning techniques for the development of libraries, functional content and architectural solutions are identified. The competition for the Lenin Library in Moscow in 1928 and the influence of the architectural preferences of the time on the submitted projects are considered.
Keywords:
competitive projects of the VKHUTEMAS library; competition for the V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR; architectural preferences; specifics of library design
Expert opinion on the technical condition of purlins and girders in the roof of a slag storage hall
Tadeusz Czarniawski
Abstract:
The intensive development of industrial construction imposes the necessity to apply new technological and construction solutions, taking into account changes in legal regulations. At present we are in a situation where a significant part of buildings and structures was designed and constructed during the validity period of standards and regulations which are currently outdated. This situation forces owners and users of existing facilities to assess them in terms of compliance with currently valid Eurocodes.
Keywords:
metal structures; Eurocodes; industrial hall; strength calculations
Anna Derlatka
Abstract:
The paper presents an evaluation of joints resulting from adhesively bonded aluminum sheets. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of applying this type of connection for the construction of composite beams. The results of experimental tests on the shear test of joints are presented. Four types of connectors were the subjects of the research. The joints of the same geometry were made of four 1.6 mm thick sheets of aluminum alloy AA 7075-T6. Each type of joint was characterized by a different material joining the sheets: three of them were connected by acrylic foam tapes, one joint was made using two component toughened methacrylate adhesive. Three different double-sided acrylic foam tapes with different properties were tested. It has been assessed that the two-component toughened methacrylate adhesive can be used for the construction of the aluminum core applied in composite structures.
Keywords:
aluminium alloy; adhesively bonded joints; composite structures
Aleksander Gabryś, Tomasz Dembiczak, Robert Kruzel
Abstract:
The aim of the study was to understand the influence of the technological parameters of 3D printing in FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology on the mechanical properties of MABS and PET material. Samples for static tensile tests were printed in accordance with PN-EN ISO 527: 1998. Plastics. Determination of mechanical properties under static stretching. The print parameters for each sample, regardless of the type of filament used, were the same. Only the filling parameter was modified by changing the density (20, 40, 80%) and the filling pattern (line pattern and honeycomb). Laboratory tests were carried out with the use of a universal testing machine. PET showed higher tensile strength values than MABS at different sample filling densities.
Keywords:
3D printing; optimization of 3D printing parameters; static tensile test; MABS; PET
Functional organization of architectural improvement of the territories of rural parish churches
Роман Другомилов, Юрий Мажайский, Наталья Осина
Abstract:
The article presents the suggestions for the functional zoning of the architectural improvement of the territories of churches, dividing into two main zones: public and service, which, in turn, are proposed to be divided into more compact subzones. A specific set of elements of architectural improvement is also proposed to fill the functional zones and subzones. The specifics of the organization of places of historical burial places near churches and the specifics of the architectural improvement of places of worship located on the territories of former noble estates are also described.
Keywords:
architectural improvement of the territories; churche, functional zoning
Roman Gąćkowski
Abstract:
The methods of designing tall buildings are based mainly on the analysis of the influence of aerodynamic effects on the work of cross-sections of individual reinforced concrete elements: columns, slabs and beams. On the example of a building on a rectangular plan with dimensions of 36 × 60 meters and a height of 400 meters, a detailed analysis of the operation of selected reinforced concrete columns was carried out. Six models of buildings, differing in the location of internal walls as the concentration of the load-bearing structure, were analyzed. Static calculations with aerodynamic simulation were performed in Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2022. On this basis, the final results were prepared and the most optimal layout of walls in tall buildings was selected.
Keywords:
tall buildings; wind load; aerodynamic simulations
Architectural heritage as the basis for the formation of the modern image of the city
Tatiana Goranskaya
Abstract:
The article analyzes the artistic interpretations of objects of architectural heritage from paintings and graphics, as the basis for the formation of the modern image of the city.
Keywords:
architectural heritage; city image; fine arts
Assessment of the influence of the shape of steel fibers on the properties of concrete composites
Paweł Helbrych
Abstract:
The article deals with the issue of the suitability of steel fibers in concrete mixtures. The influence of the shape of steel fibers was also assessed. Two types of steel fibers were analyzed, straight and hooked. The test fibers were made of the same steel and had exactly the same slenderness, diameter and length. The samples were tested after 28 days of maturation, and the mechanical properties that were checked were compressive strength, concrete tensile strength in a bend test and concrete tensile strength when splitting. The results were statistically analyzed and presented in the article.
Keywords:
concrete; dispersed reinforcement; steel fibers; shape of the fibers
Steel cantilever beam optimization with ANSYS software
Anna Jaskot
Abstract:
The problem of analysing complex steel structures in relation to analytical and numerical tests of a single structure element has been presented. The aim was to demonstrate the compliance of the chosen methods for determining the strength parameters of a cantilever beam and to select the best cross-section for the optimization of the structure. The beam deflection and the value of the maximum reduced stresses (according to Huber von Mises’ hypothesis) have been determined numerically and analytically. Numerical analysis, on the basis of the finite element method, as well as the optimization, have been performed in the ANSYS environment. Based on the static analysis of the structure, optimization of the beam mass has been made by changing its cross-section dimensions, taking into account the specific optimization criteria, pointed in the work. As a result of optimization, solutions satisfying the required criteria have been selected. The weight of the structure has been reduced by half compared to the initial values of the designed structure. The permissible stresses have not been exceeded.
Keywords:
cantilever beam; numerical analysis; ANSYS; FEM; cross-section optimization
Damian Jończyk, Marlena Rajczyk
Abstract:
The use of composites to strengthen wooden structures is currently a popular construction solution. Despite the popularity of the solution, there are still no normative regulations specifying the methods of estimating the load-bearing capacity of wooden elements reinforced with composites. It is possible to use numerical methods, but it is a relatively laborious method. Due to the lack of normative requirements, engineers designing composite beams must use the methods presented in the literature. The article presents an overview of the most popular analytical methods for estimating the load-bearing capacity of reinforced wooden elements.
Keywords:
wood; FRP; fiber composites; computational models
Jarosław Kalinowski
Abstract:
The process of troweling concrete surfaces has a significant impact on reducing the number of defects, increases the durability of the element and can be used to obtain the required texture and surface roughness. The troweling process is usually performed with the use of disc trowels in which the working elements rotate uniformly around the trowel axis, and the trowel axis moves in a straight line with a uniform motion. Machines of this type are efficient and reliable, therefore they are often used in industrial applications. The disadvantage of this solution is the uneven surface treatment resulting from the kinematics of the machine. The best performance is achieved by trowels with a wheel-shaped working element, because they use the full surface intended for working elements. To increase the uniformity of machining at work, a model was analyzed that changed a single circular disk by a three-element disk consisting of concentric wheel elements and two rings that can move at different rotational speeds. Such a system uses the maximum space for working elements as a full disc. Optimization of the geometry and kinematics of such a system allows to achieve the necessary technological efficiency of mashing while increasing the uniformity of machining. The use of a working width smaller than the diameter of the disk allows you to select the area of influence with the greatest uniformity of impact for a single pass of the disk.
Keywords:
floating; concrete; optimization; geometric efficiency
Numerical analysis for the beam with composite dowels connector
Przemysław Kasza, Piotr Lacki, Anna Derlatka
Abstract:
The focus of the study was on the numerical analysis of the model of the beam integrated with the innovative shape of connector in the form of the cut-out web. The model can be used as an integrated binding joist or bridge girder. This type of connector was a specifically shaped part of the web of the steel section. The first part of the study was focused on the analytical design of the integrated beam. A hot-rolled crosssection was chosen from the half of the hot-rolled HEB section. The second part of the study was modelling of the inte-grated beam. Beam geometry, load and boundary conditions were used as in the first part of the study. ADINA software, based on the finite elements method, was used for numerical analysis. The HEB steel section and the reinforced concrete slab were modelled by means of 3D Solid elements, whereas the reinforcement bars were modelled using truss type ele-ments. The stresses and strain in the steel and concrete elements, distribution of forces in reinforcement bars and concrete cracking were evaluated.
Keywords:
integrated structures; steel-concrete integrated beam; connector for integration; FEM
Mariusz Kosiń
Abstract:
Performing a numerical analysis in the nonlinear range requires entering appropriate input data for the material. For this purpose, the actual stress-strain characteristic is used for the finite element calculation. In order to establish the actual stress-strain curve, a simple tensile test of a steel specimen was performed. The stress-strain curve obtained from the numerical analysis was compared with the tensile test result. Additionally, the work compares the use of three material models for the screw connection of cold-bent elements on the basis of the numerical analysis performed. One of the models used for the calculations was based on the characteristics of a bilinear material with gain. The remaining ones were defined on the basis of the tensile test curve and the real curve obtained from transformations.
Keywords:
real curve; engineering curve; FEM; cold-bent profiles
The analysis of the resistance of tee joint fillet welds according to Eurocode 3
Krzysztof Kubicki
Abstract:
The aim of the work is to find the relationship between the effective lengths of fillet welds determined by the directional method and the simplified method in a tee joint loaded in any way. This causes a complex state of stresses in the weld. The work shows for which loads it is important to use particular calculation methods in order to obtain a more economical solution. Thanks to this and careful execution of welds, measurable material savings can be achieved.
Keywords:
fillet weld; directional method; simplified method
Andrzej Kysiak
Abstract:
The article discusses the causes of defects in concrete floors in multi-storey car parks. The most common damage to concrete floors, affecting the serviceability and durability of objects, is presented. Guidelines were formulated for designers and floor contractors to ensure the durability of concrete floor surfaces in underground garages as well as in open and closed multi-storey car parks. The article also describes the diagnostic procedure for parking facilities and the rules of conduct when choosing the right option for repairing damaged concrete floors.
Keywords:
multi-storey car parks; diagnostics of concrete floors; damage to concrete surfaces
Martin Lipowczan, Iva Rozsypalová, Patrik Bayer, Petr Daněk, David Lehký, Pavla Rovnaníková, Zbyněk Keršner
Abstract:
Four sets of alkali-activated aluminosilicate composites based on ceramic precursors were studied in terms of their characterization by mechanical fracture and microstructural parameters. Composites made with brick dust as a precursor and with alkaline activator variants of differing silicate modulus (Ms = 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6) were investigated. The filler used with first two sets of composites was quartz sand, while in the case of the other two sets it was brick rubble; precursor particle size range variants: 0÷1 mm and 0÷0.3 mm. The test specimens had nominal dimensions of 40 × 40 × 160 mm and were provided with notches at midspan after 28 days of hardening. The notches extended up to 1/3 of the height of the specimens, which were subjected to three-point bending tests in which force vs. displacement diagrams were recorded. Values were determined for the static modulus of elasticity, effective fracture toughness, effective toughness and specific fracture energy using the Effective Crack Model and the Work-of-Fracture method. At the same time, values were identified for the static modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and specific fracture energy using the inverse method based on a neural network ensemble. The measured and identified parameters are in very good agreement. The silicate modulus, type of filler and refinement of the precursor significantly influenced the mechanical fracture parameters of the composites. The microstructure of composites with a coarser precursor was also described.
Keywords:
alkali-activated aluminosilicate; artificial neural network; fracture test; load-displacement diagram; mechanical fracture parameters
Anna Lis
Abstract:
The main goal in the design, construction and operation of buildings should be to create a favourable environment for people. Properly selected material, construction and installation solutions allow for the creation of healthy buildings, while significantly reducing energy consumption and costs. Impact on health and methods to reduce exposure to indoor air pollution vary depending on the type of building and its intended use. The improvements should concern, first of all, proper formation of indoor air quality and the mitigation of existing exposures in the building and its surroundings. The paper discusses the phenomenon of sick building syndrome and the impact of improper ventilation and poor air quality in rooms on the formation of the syndrome symptoms. The results of research on the condition of the interior environment of pre-school, school and indoor apartments located in a multi-family residential buildings are presented. The results of measurements of selected thermal parameters of the interior microclimate, i.e. air temperature and relative humidity as well as carbon dioxide concentration, are presented. Based on the conducted questionnaires the phenomenon of the sick building syndrome was assessed among room users. Carbon dioxide levels above 1000 ppm have been exceeded, especially in educational buildings. The respondents mainly complained about the deteriorating air quality with the passage of time indoors, irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract, as well as fatigue and headache.
Keywords:
SBS; indoor microclimate parameters; IAQ; educational and multi-family building; CO2 concentration
Wiesław Liszewski
Abstract:
This article describes, based on the failure of a public utility building structure, the issues related to the destructive impact of vibrations on the ground in connection with the load-bearing structure of the facility. An external source of wave propagation was identified, located in the immediate vicinity of the analyzed building. Additionally, errors in the interpretation of the behavior of the structure during its operation were presented by performing ineffective construction works related to the attempt to strengthen the ground on which the school sports hall was directly erected. On the basis of the analysis of archival materials and additional tests, the necessary scope of repair works necessary to be performed on the site was determined, along with guidelines for the implementation of the diaphragm in the form of a ground vibro-isolating screen, aimed at minimizing the impact of parasiteismic impacts on the public building.
Keywords:
vibrations; wave propagation; wave attenuation; vibration isolation
Ilya Maltsevich
Abstract:
Scientific and technical progress (STP) in construction leads to changes in engineering, technology, organization of construction, forms and methods of management of construction production. The role of scientific and technological progress is to find production reserves to reduce the time, labor intensity, cost of construction and improve quality by creating new and improving existing construction equipment and technologies, increasing mechanization and automation of production processes, creating and using new types of building materials and structures, mastering new and improvement of previously produced products and improvement of their quality. STP is the basis for the classification of production and has a decisive impact on all factors in the development of construction production. The purpose of the work is to draw up a structural and logical scheme for the development of construction, taking into account economic, environmental, social, innovative factors and the concept of technological structures in the development of construction. Results. The article considers the relevance of solving the problem of an accelerated transition of the construction industry of the Republic of Belarus to the sixth technological order, analyzes the most typical problems that have a negative impact on the process of changing structures, outlines the role of the National Sustainable Development Strategy – 2035 for solving this set of problems.
Keywords:
technological structures; construction; sustainable development
Influence of solar collector surface on its thermal energy efficiency
Sławomir Morel, Magdalena Skrzyniarz
Abstract:
The manuscript compares the thermal efficiency of solar collectors with various types of the active surface. The research was carried out on a specially constructed measuring stand that maintains repeatable and constant conditions for measuring collectors’ thermal parameters. The research results show that a collector's active surface roughening allows for about 12% increase in its thermal efficiency, regardless of whether the collector surface is metallic (raw) or coated with chromium black. The highest increase in thermal efficiency was observed for a collector covered with a chromium oxide plasma-coating, whereby the collector surface was subjected to abrasive blasting. Approximately 19% increase in thermal efficiency was achieved in comparison to the base-collector (copper with a smooth surface – raw surface).
Keywords:
solar energy; solar; photovoltaics
An assessment of the load-bearing capacity of the bolted connection of a steel roof girder
Jacek Nawrot
Abstract:
In this study, the non-preloaded bolted connection of a roof girder, commonly used in steel halls with a frame system, was analyzed. Two options were considered: a connection before reinforcement and one reinforced by adding a new row of bolts. For both of the analyzed variants, analytical calculations were performed based on the component method and numerical calculations using the Finite Element Method. The load capacity of the connection was checked before and after reinforcement. A large convergence of the calculation results for both methods was demonstrated. It was confirmed that the proposed reinforcement of the existing joint of the roof girder (by adding an new row of bolts) easily increases its load capacity (for the analyzed case, the load capacity of the connection increased by approx. 28%). Such a reinforcement can be performed under load, with minimal interference to the existing joint, and the high deformability (elongation ability) of the bolts used allows for a full redistribution of internal forces in the reinforced joint.
Keywords:
non-preloaded bolted connection; reinforcement of bolted connection; FEM
Cracking on the surface of concrete multi-storey car parks – causes and repair
Beata Ordon-Beska
Abstract:
This work focuses on scratches on the concrete slabs of open and closed multi-storey car parks. Cross and surface scratches as well as scratches formed above the reinforcing bars are presented. The reasons for their occurrence, how to prevent them and methods of repair are given. The work is illustrated by an example of the occurrence of cracks over the reinforcement, on which rusty blooms are visible indicating the corrosion of the reinforcement and the concrete bulges resulting from it. The surface, linear measurements of the cover thickness made with the Profometr PM-650 device are presented. These tests show that the reinforcement has been placed carelessly and the thickness of the cover is much smaller than that required for durability. The submitted applications relate to the design, construction and maintenance of the facility.
Keywords:
concrete surface; cracking mechanism; cover thickness; diagnostics; repair
Skeleton tensile structure as a single-family house project
Przemysław Palacz
Abstract:
In designing building structures, the most important stage is the selection of appropriate construction solutions, depending on the architectural design, purpose of the facility and the conditions in which the designed facility will be located. When choosing the type of materials from which single-family houses are erected, traditional solutions, such as concrete and brick building elements, are most often chosen. Traditional construction solutions for houses, however, do not always allow for the construction of buildings with sophisticated architecture or in particularly demanding places, e.g. in a seismic zone or in a mining area. In this case, skeletal steel structures can help, because when properly designed they are able to ensure safe operation in these areas. This paper presents an analysis of the use of a skeleton steel tensile structure in a single-family house design.
Keywords:
steel structure; tensile structure; house project, designing
Witold Paleczek
Abstract:
The paper presents results of the approximation of land settlement in relation to the following: the Knothe-Budryk theory and the Chudek-Stefański theory concerning the influence of underground mining on the surface and rock mass. This is determined by the integral formula and was approximated to an algebraic form in such a way that it would not be necessary to use integral calculus, while taking into account the average geomechanical values of the rock mass. Empirical data obtained from 34 types of rocks collected from 16 boreholes of the same rock massif made it possible to create a correlation between the main impacts range and the softening coefficient, the immediate compressive strength and the average volumetric weight of the rock mass. The obtained mathematical equations make it possible to calculate the depressions of the land surface, based on the known geometry of excavations and their depths as well as the parameters of the mentioned rock mass. The results obtained from the integral formulas and the approximating formulas are compared. The presented solutions are used in modelling land surface deformation as a result of underground exploitation of deposits resulting from the need to conduct analyses of construction in mining areas, without the need to use calculus.
Keywords:
numerical modelling; integral and approximating formulas; Knothe-Budryk theory; Chudek-Stefański theory, construction in mining areas
Method of sandwich panel calculation with discreet joints
Marlena Rajczyk
Abstract:
The article presents a method for strength calculations for a sandwich panel with ribs. The developed method of calculating sandwich panels with ribs takes into account local disturbances of the stress field in the vicinity of various design properties. The calculation method is based on the use of generalized functions, it allows the determination of the state of stresses and deformations, as well as stiffness and stability of multilayer plates.
Keywords:
sandwich panel; discreet joint; calculation method
The influence of the geometric form of flexible diamond discs on the properties of treated surfaces
Paweł Rajczyk
Abstract:
The shaping of structural elements of flexible discs formed from synthetic diamond powders on synthetic binders is one of the current problems facing researchers when creating new, highly effective machining tools for the processing of mineral materials. Over many years, natural stone and particularly hard types of rock have been used for and still remain a noble, durable and highly appreciated building material for facings. Meeting the normative requirements for shaping functional properties in automated technology systems for processing such materials requires the development of methods for modeling new construction and material solutions for machining tools, especially with the use of diamond abrasives, which are increasingly used in construction technologies. One requirement is to study the influence of the geometrical form of the abrasive segments of flexible machining discs in order to increase the efficiency of the process of finishing granite surface grinding.
Keywords:
abrasive wheels; mineral surface treatment; synthetic diamond powder; synthetic binders; surface roughness
The northern corridor – economic communication solution in the Częstochowa infrastructure
Katarzyna Regulska
Abstract:
Northern corridor – economic communication solution in the Częstochowa infrastructure The article presents realized and planned road investments influencing the economic transport solutions of the Częstochowa city. An assessment of the impact of the road investment, so-called The Northern Corridor, for communication economics including the implementation of the intended communication effect was made. Other realized and planned communication investments for the Częstochowa city were also indicated. The summary points to the desirability of improving the economy of the vehicular traffic of the Częstochowa city, which will also have a significant impact on the development of the city.
Keywords:
road infrastructure; highways; expressways; national roads; Częstochowa road network
Improving the energy efficiency of church buildings
Aleksandra Repelewicz
Abstract:
The implementation of thermal renovation of residential and public buildings is becoming more and more popular. The need to save energy and reduce the energy demand of buildings is becoming a civic duty. Consequently, sacred buildings should also be adapted to the requirements of modern times. Due to the specific use of these facilities and their mostly large cubature, administrators rarely decide to take such measures. Examples of thermomodernization activities in church buildings can be invaluable as they are an example for administrators of other buildings of this type. The paper presents the following case study: A comprehensive thermal renovation of a church building in Rzerzęczyce.
Keywords:
church buildings; thermal renovation; sacral architecture
Stress and deflection in multi-glazed IGUs of various dimensions
Zbigniew Respondek
Abstract:
In the structure of insulating glass units (IGUs) there are gas-filled gaps. Therefore, changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature, as well as the action of wind, result in a load on the component glass panes. However, the deflection of the panes connected with climatic loads results in an interaction of the gas closed in the gaps, which partially reduces climatic influences. The aim of this article is to analyze the influence of IGUs dimensions on the maximum stresses and deflections in the component glass panes, also in the context of the use of multi-glazed IGUs. Three typical loads were analyzed. It was found that in the case of wind load, with increasing dimensions of the IGUs, the stresses and deflections increase. On the other hand, in the case of loads related to pressure and temperature changes, in large-size IGUs, the gas interaction in the gaps is significant, which reduces the resultant load on the panes. It has been shown that there are critical IGU dimensions here for which the stress and deformation ratio are greatest. It was also found that increasing the number of gaps in IGUs results in a significant increase in the stress and de-flection values due to climatic loads.
Keywords:
glass in building; insulating glass units; climatic loads; stress and deflection of glass panes
A review of energy saving and energy effective roofings
Olena Savchenko
Abstract:
This article is a systematic review of the literature on the energy efficiency and energy efficient construction of roofs. This paper considers seven types of roof, including insulated, double-skin, cool roofs, green roofs, roofs with photovoltaic panels, biosolar roof and roof ponds. The review covers the main characteristics of each roof, the reduction of heat flux and the appropriate climate for its implementation. These roofs can reduce energy consumption for cooling or heating systems. For the cold period of the year the warmed roof which reduced heat losses of the room to 70% proved to be the most effective. In hot climates the cool roof is the simplest covering, which reduces the flow of solar radiation into the room by 30%. The installation of a double-skin roof or a pond on the roof stabilizes the temperature in the room on hot days. Green roofs in hot climates can reduce the heat of solar radiation through the roof to 35%, and the presence of photovoltaic panels on the green roof can increase their efficiency by 8.3%. To increase the energy efficiency of the roof, it is advisable to combine several types of roofs.
Keywords:
insulated roof; double-skin roof; cool roof; green roof; biosolar roof; roof ponds
Contest of place as a basis for action in urban space. On the example of city squares in Częstochowa
Nina Sołkiewicz-Kos
Abstract:
Continuous urbanisation processes draw attention to the formal and functional solutions of urban spaces. They are a response to contemporary social and economic requirements. This paper presents examples of the evaluation of urban spaces. The activities concerning the context of the place are based on referring to the existing surroundings, its past and present, and are part of contemporary trends in the design of urban spaces in urban areas. Częstochowa is a city with a rich history and clear spatial structure. Its architecture and urban planning of particular historical, cultural and social value begs a thorough analysis of design activities presenting a vision of the future of these places.
Keywords:
urban planning; architecture; revitalisation
Energy saving measures to improve the microclimate in poultry facilities
Nadiia Spodyniuk, Oksana Pshenychna
Abstract:
The provision of a microclimate for poultry houses with the help of radiant heating systems has become widespread. Infrared heating systems, unlike other systems for providing the microclimate of poultry houses, provide local heating. When placed correctly, infrared heaters heat only the area where the poultry is located. When using infrared heaters, it is possible to achieve the necessary conditions in the location of the poultry, without increasing the temperature of the indoor air, and if possible, reducing it. Studies were conducted on a system that combined an infrared emitter for local heating and an exhaust umbrella to remove gaseous harmful substances from the up-per part of the poultry’s location. From the results of the experiment and the obtained graphical and analytical dependences, the optimum air temperature in the poultry’s location was determined.
Keywords:
infrared heating; poultry’s location; thermal performance of the heater
Magdalena Stolarska, Piotr Lis
Abstract:
Existing and designed residential buildings should provide the residents with appropriate indoor microclimatic conditions. Both in terms of thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Strong tendencies towards saving energy in buildings contribute to the use of materials with better thermal insulation (walls) and airtightness coefficients (doors and windows). In the last few years there has been a tendency towards air-tight sealing of buildings. This phenomenon can be seen both in older buildings being refurbished as well as in those that are new or thermally-upgraded. At the same time, in existing and new buildings traditional, gravity ventilation is used, and is becoming an extremely important factor in achieving the required indoor conditions. The following are some of the results of the research on this subject, which will, hopefully, provide new insight. The paper describes the use of new technologies, such as hybrid ventilation, in existing buildings. The results presented herein have been achieved from comprehensive measurements in the buildings with natural and hybrid ventilation. The aim of the paper is to present and summarize preliminary studies describing the influence of natural and hybrid ventilation as well as airtightness on an indoor environment.
Keywords:
indoor air quality; natural ventilation; hybrid ventilation; multi-family buildings
Tadeusz Szymczak, Andrzej Wierzejski, Jacek Górecki
Abstract:
The aim of the paper is to present the research procedure to improve performing mechanical tests. The article shows the results from experiments carried out with the use of reference objects and inter-laboratory comparisons. Details of the research technique for determining the mechanical parameters of strength screws and testing technical springs, are presented. The tensile characteristics of the screw material are provided with the indication of all the necessary mechanical parameters important for engineering practice, i.e. within the elastic and elastic-plastic range. In the case of the spring, the values of its deflection are presented, resulting from multiple loading to a specific force value and subsequent unloading. The obtained results are compared with the properties of the reference object using mathematical statistics and the requirements of the standard on proficiency testing. As a result, the competences of the research teams in the scope of performing the mentioned types of mechanical tests are confirmed.
Keywords:
mechanical tests; inter-laboratory comparison; quality improvement; competences
Evolution of the determinants of universal design in the context of the modern world
Константин Зборовский, Наталья Лазовская
Abstract:
The article examines conceptual aspects of changing determinants of universal design in response to pandemics or other challenges faced today by the increasingly urbanized humanity. The authors review alternative trends in arrangement of living environment and human activity which help alleviate risks posed by the modern challenges of civilization, as well as the creation of enabling conditions for complete physical, mental and social well-being.
Keywords:
universal design; living environment; pandemic
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