Environmental effects of metallurgical slag as a component of aggregate
Zdzisław Adamczyk, Bartłomiej Grzesik, Andrzej Harat
Abstract: Synthetic components of aggregate mixtures usually contains waste from mining (eg. waste from coal mines), energetics (fly ash, slag), metallurgy - slags and wastes from magnesia-chromite products. Aggregates produced with the addition of steel slags often swell, which is a consequence of phases presence in aggregates composition and the process of their decomposition in water and crystallize secondary phases. This phenomenon may cause a potential local groundwater pollution because Ta, V, Mo and Cr ions may be leaching from glass and srebrodolskite (components of metallurgical slags,) and Cr(VI) from magnesia-chromite wastes.
Keywords: metallurgical slag, aggregate, silverrodolite, magnesite-chromite products
Research of RC beams without stirrups and shear’s strengthening by FRCM system
Zinoviy Blikharskyy, Roman Khmil, Pavlo Vegera
Abstract: In this article shear strength of strengthened and non-strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams are described. The research program involves a one serie of test beams which contains control sample and three reinforced samples by reinforcing FRCM system. RC beams designed that the beams destruction after strengthening took place by shear. To accomplish it these beams were designed with a significant margin of tensile rebar. The maximum effect of increasing the shear strength (ULS) is 45% for samples strengthened without initial loading.
Keywords: design; shear strength; RC beam, FRCM system
Development of residential functions in the area of communes of the Poznań county
Hanna Borucińska-Bieńkowska
Abstract: The article discusses selected functional-spatial issues taking place in communes of a metropolitan area after the political transformation period in Poland. Development of residential functions in the area of communes of the chosen metropolitan area has had a vital influence on their functional-spatial and socio-economic transformation. The extent of these changes triggered metamorphosis of communes bordering the central city. The subject under analysis was processes occurring between years 2010-2015 in 17 communes of the Poznań county (Wielkopolska province) within the influence of the central city, which constitute a crucial part of the Poznań Metropolitan Area (POM). The phenomenon of the expansion of the central city intensified after political reforms launched in Poland in 1989. Poland’s accession to the European Union on 1 May 2004, development of selfgovernments at the local level and transformation into market oriented economy contributed to, among others, polarization of areas of communes bordering the central city, as well as to creation of models of sustainable development of settlement network. Functional structure of residential areas of the communes of the Poznań county is dominated by single family dwellings. Multi-family buildings are situated in areas of highly urbanized communes with a well-developed public transport network and services. Functional-spatial and socio-economic changes of areas of the communes bordering the central city are tightly connected with population migration. The years under analysis showed further depopulation of the central city. Social and economic processes taking place in areas of the communes of the Poznań county exert an influence on both natural and historical-cultural environment. Modernization and development of technical infrastructure in rural areas, and economic development creating new jobs brought reduction of discrepancies among residents of communes within the influence of the central city zone.
Keywords: metropolitan area, central city, residential functions
Selected parameters of thermal comfort in rooms of university libraries
Robert Cichowicz, Henryk G. Sabiniak, Anna Lewandowska
Abstract: The microclimate in the libraries should provide conditions both for the stored collections (books, paintings, etc.), not to lead to their destruction, not to cause discomfort to the working people and not to act destructively on the exploitation of this type of rooms. The analysis of thermal comfort parameters was performed for the three rooms of the Main Library of Lodz University of Technology by building geometric model and using the DesignBuilder software. Boundary conditions were determined experimentally, by the measurements carried out in the library rooms, by measuring air velocity and temperature within. The received from the numerical analysis distributions of temperature and air velocity in the zones of human presence were compared with the guidelines presented in Polish standards.
Keywords: library rooms, thermal comfort, temperature and speed distribution
Bogdan Derbiszewski, Kamila Jędrzejak
Abstract: This thesis is dedicated assessment systems impact of building on the environment, especially system BREEAM. The following section present the issues of certification, sustainable construction, and factors which decide, that the Investor make a decision on certification object. This thesis contain the main information about two certification system BREEAM. In addition, this thesis shows the statistics certification in Poland, the certification process, costs, and criteria which building should achieve to get the certificate. Final effects is present an assessment of low-energy building in the BREEAM New Construction system, version: 2013, discussion of the results, and present relevant issues of BREEAM and sustainable construction.
Keywords: certificate, BREEAM, sustainable construction
Wojciech Eckert, Maria Mrówczyńska, Anna Bazan-Krzywoszańska, Marta Skiba
Abstract: Today the main objective of energy policy at regional, national and international levels is reducing heat, electricity and gas, and increase the efficiency of equipment in buildings. This objective is also reflected in local politics defining the framework for investment activities. The article presents an estimate of the achievable energy savings for the city, taking into account the technical documents for public buildings. Described estimation has been done on the basis of GIS data for selected buildings, medium-sized city in the western part of the Polish. Observations and conclusions presented in this article may be relevant to the regions, which are interested in reduction of energy consumption of buildings, neighborhoods and cities. It was found that the main entity, responsible for monitoring processes to reduce energy demand, are the municipal governments, and the defined objectives can not be achieved without a responsible policy of urban requiring control. It requires control as direct and /or economic incentives.
Keywords: energy efficiency, public buildings, Zielona Gora
Halina Garbalińska, Julia Koprowicz, Gabriela Waszak, Jarosław Strzałkowski
Abstract: This paper describes the assessment of the impact of the aggregate type and the quantity of the aerating admixture on the thermal parameters of lightweight concretes, based on expanded clay aggregate and fly ash aggregate as well as the ordinary concrete. A total of twelve mixtures were tested, in the composition of which the aerating admixture constituted 0%, 0.8%, 1.1% and 1.4% of the cement weight. Thermal testing was carried out by a non-stationary method using the Isomet 2104 instrument. The analysis confirms that lightweight concretes have much better thermal insulating properties compared to normal concretes. The conducted research also showed that using air-entraining admixture it is possible to obtain even better thermal insulation properties of concretes based on lightweight aggregates.
Keywords: aggregate, aeration admixtures, thermal parameters, concrete
Assessment of the compressive strength of various kinds of concrete tested on cuboid samples
Halina Garbalińska, Beata Marciniak
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the mutual quantitative relationships between the compressive strengths, designated on the rectangular samples, of different sizes. The experiment consisted of four groups of different concrete composites. The groups were ordinary concrete, high strength concrete, and two lightweight concretes. The concrete composites were broad-spectrum resistance.
Keywords: compressive strength, concrete, lightweight concrete, high-strength concrete
Analysis of the strengthening effectiveness of angle member by addition of the second one
Grzegorz Gremza
Abstract: In this article effectiveness of strengthening of angle member by use of additional “new” member that is attached to the “old” member in selected points was analysed. The loading force was applied at the end points of “old” member intended to be strengthened. This way of load application is a result of the solutions commonly used in practice. Single bar with initial bow imperfection was loaded before strengthening with axial force lower than its load capacity. In the presented analysis of built-up member formed thanks to new branch addition, the aforementioned initial loading force was included as well as load eccentricity, joint flexibility and plasticization of cross-section of strengthened angle. Estimated load capacities were compared with load capacity of a member that was initially prefabricated as a built-up member, eccentrically loaded. An experimental research program including problems mentioned in this article was initially mentioned.
Keywords: steel structures, strengthening, imperfections, bearing capacity
Symptoms of acid drainage processes in pavement construction layers containing natural aggregates
Bartłomiej Grzesik, Zdzisław Adamczyk, Andrzej Harat
Abstract: In some aggregates used to produce asphalt mixes there were revealed mineral transformations which are typical for acid drainage processes. The main process which was observed in the course of these changes was iron leaching from primary minerals of rocks which are the raw material for production of aggregates. Mineralogical studies allowed also to determine the presence of other, less resistant to weathering, primary minerals which are potential sources of metals such as nickel, copper, zinc and lead. Disclosure of the mechanism of leaching of metals from aggregates used in road construction, in spite of its low intensity, indicates the necessity of more accurate diagnosis of their mineral composition. It is particularly important in case of using them in massive, unbounded layers, potentially available for water, such as base courses.
Keywords: acid drainage, aggregates, mineral-asphalt mixture
Andrzej Harat, Bartłomiej Grzesik, Zdzisław Adamczyk
Abstract: Currently, mainly because of depletion of resources and generally losses on the profitability, increasingly activities are carried out leading to the mine closure. One of the tools, which can be helpful in assessing of this complex investment process is the environmental impact assessment. The last mentioned is an essential legal instrument for the comprehensive assessment of the environmental impact of investment projects. The consequence of properly carried out liquidation process should result in limitation of negative environmental impact of closed mine.
Keywords: investment process, filling of mining excavations, mine closures
A problem of a multi-scale approach of the assessment of interlayer bond between concrete layers
Jerzy Hoła, Łukasz Sadowski
Abstract: This article presents a problem of a multi-scale approach of the assessment of interlayer bond between concrete layers. The possibilities of applications of available modern measurement methods of the evaluation of the structure of the concrete within the interphase at different observation length scales have been presented. These scales have been defined in this study. Exemplary test results of this evaluation have been also presented in the article.
Keywords: layer bonding, concrete primer, cement mortar
In situ and numerical simulations in evaluation of the thermal behaviours of buildings
Marta Kadela, Iwona Pokorska-Silva, Lidia Fedorowicz
Abstract: Numerical analysis of the behavior of buildings in simulation programs require the use of an appropriate climate database with dynamically changing values of solar radiation (diffuse and direct), air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction. In this paper will be presented interlinked issues of assessment of the building thermal behavior, in situ and in numerical simulations, for:
• analyzed experimental object situated in the local climate (laboratory of The Technical University in Gliwice),
• real residential building in the shape of a dome,
• object intended for service industry with experimental thermal protective layer of foam concrete.
This work was supported by the on-going research project “Stabilization of weak soil by application of layer of foamed concrete used in contact with subsoil” (LIDER/022/537/L-4/NCBR/2013), financed by The National Centre for Research and Development within the LIDER Programme as well as research related to BKM-504/RB03/2015.
Keywords: numerical simulation, thermal response of the object, thermal stability
Numerical modeling of composite laminate plate
Eva Kormaníková
Abstract: The paper deals with numerical modeling of delamination of laminate plate consists of unidirectional fiber reinforced layers. The methodology adopts the first-order shear laminate plate theory and fracture and contact mechanics. There are described sublaminate modeling and delamination modeling by the help of finite element analysis. With the interface modeling there is calculated the energy release rate along the lamination front. Analytical expressions for total energy release rate and its mode components are given in terms of interface variables and plate stress resultant discontinuities. Numerical results are given for mixed mode delamination problems by implementing the method in a 2D finite analysis, which utilizes shear deformable plate elements and interface elements. Numerical example is done by the commercial ANSYS code.
Keywords: delamination, fiber reinforced layers, laminate structure, plate elements, contact elements, numerical modeling
Soil-structure-fluid interaction of the rectangular tank - seismic analysis
Kamila Kotrasová
Abstract: Ground-supported tanks are used to store a variety of liquids. The fluid develops hydrodynamic pressure on walls and bottom of tank during an earthquake. This paper provides theoretical background for specification of impulsive and convective actions of fluid in liquid storage rectangular container by using analytical methods. Numerical model of tank seismic response - the endlessly long shipping channel was obtained by using of Finite Element Method (FEM), Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE), Fluid Structure Interactions (FSI) formulation in software ADINA. The results of the analytical methods and the numerical solution were compared for partially water filled channel grounded on hard soil or sub-soil 30 MNm–3. It was considered the horizontal ground motion of the earthquake in Loma Prieta.
Keywords: rectangular tank, fluid, earthquake, fluid-structure interaction
Bernard Kowolik, Jan Zamorowski
Abstract: The results of static-strength analysis of the cantilever transmural and a complex column under bending and axial compression forces. The calculations have been conducted according to the second order theory (analysis), taking into account both the substitute imperfections presented in Eurocode 1993-1-1 and manufacturing tolerances based on PN-EN 1090-2 code. The results have been compared to those received from the formulas given in Eurokode 3.
Keywords: steel columns, imperfections, load capacity, Eurocode 3
Juraj Králik, Juraj Králik, jr.
Abstract: This paper presents the results from the deterministic and probabilistic seismic analysis of the influence of center mass eccentricity to symmetric tall buildings. During the structural design process, the problems of the safety, reliability and durability of a single structural element as well as the entire structure from the point of view of its planned life cycle must be considered. The methodology of the seismic analysis of the reinforced concrete tall building structures on the base of deterministic and probabilistic assessment is presented. The possibilities of the utilization the LHS method to analyze the extensive and robust tasks in FEM is presented in the case of tall buildings with central core and columns system. The analysis of the seismic resistance of the structure was calculated in the ANSYS program.
Keywords: earthquake, accidental torsion, building, probability, Eurocode, FEM, LHS
Model research on piles subjected to lateral load
Magdalena Kreczmar, Jerzy Sękowski
Abstract: This paper presents results of model research on piles subjected to lateral load and methodology of this research. The essential elements of the test stand were: box with dimensions of 1 x 1 x 1 m, piles with dimensions 4 x 4 x 90 cm, loading and measuring system. The results of the test for three types of piles are shown and discussed (pile reinforced pile with 4 mm, pile reinforced with 10 mm, unreinforced pile).
Keywords: foundation piles, foundation, bearing capacity
The participation of windows in creating the conditions of thermal comfort
Anna Lis
Abstract: The article presents the function of the windows in the building in terms of created the state of the microenvironment in the interiors and the comfort conditions of their occupants. The requirements in this area, included in the technical conditions were presented. The results of research conducted in educational buildings were discussed. The subject of the analysis was the assessment of the people thermal comfort condition in the classrooms. The analysis was made in terms of the influence of the windows area of classroom in relation to the surface of these rooms on the thermal sensations of the persons staying there. The study was conducted in a group of students and in a group of teachers.
Keywords: windows, thermal comfort conditions, educational buildings
The role of green zones in the spatial shaping of the urban structure of Yerevan
Заруи Мамян, Аршак Акопян
Abstract: The change of the socio-economic conditions of the Republic of Armenia had a sharp impact on the process of town-planning reorganization of the capital - the uniform system of landscaping of the city was interrupted, as well as the role of separate green public massifs in the organization of urban space was minimized. The article raises the question on the role of green spaces in the spatial shaping of the city structure, and in particular, that of Yerevan at present stage, as well as some views in solving related issues.
Keywords: landscape, green area, public zones, city, Yerevan, reorganization
Dynamic load on pavement - numerical analysis
Jozef Melcer
Abstract: The submitted paper is dedicated to the numerical simulation of moving load effect on road structures in the time domain. The dynamic load from vehicles on pavements is the subject of interest. The multi-body computing models of vehicles on various levels are introduces. The equations of motions are derived in the form of ordinary differential equations. The equations of motions are solved numerically by the use of step-by-step integration method in the environment of program system MATLAB. The road unevenness as the main source of kinematical excitation of vehicle is modeled as the random rod profile by the use of the power spectral density functions. The time histories of wonted functions are calculated. Especially the time histories of tire forces as the source of dynamic load of pavements are the object of interest. The conclusions are focused on the influence of the road profile quality on the values of tire forces.
Keywords: Computing models, dynamic load, numerical simulation, pavements, tire forces
Numerical and experimental analysis of welds in steel structural element
David Mikolášek, Martin Krejsa, Jiří Brožovský, Přemysl Pařenica, Petr Lehner
Abstract: The paper is focused on the numerical models of steel welded supporting elements and their verification using experiment. Currently, for the stress-strain analysis of the elements in supporting structures it is possible to use many commercial software systems, based on the finite element method - FEM. It is important to check and compare the results of FEM analysis with the results of physical verification test, in which the real behavior of the bearing element can be observed. The results of the comparison can be used for calibration of the computational model. The article deals with the physical tests of steel supporting elements, whose main purpose is obtaining the material, geometry and strength characteristics of the fillet and butt welds. Three types of specimens were designed to investigate the state of stress in fillet of butt welds. Specimens were designed to reflect the fact that the stiffness of connected elements has to be higher than the stiffness of the welded joints. It can therefore be assumed that the stress-strain diagram will reflect the behavior of strains and stresses in welds. During the experiments it was monitored the displacement and the resulting force carried into the specimens.
Keywords: numerical modeling, experiment, steel structure, FEM, fillet weld, butt weld
Analysis of the horizontal roof bracings in terms of the initial bow imperfection
Lesław Niewiadomski, Jan Zamorowski
Abstract: The author’s approach has been presented in this paper for the determination of the stabilizing load for bracing systems. Such an approach allows replacing the pre-bending of the upper flanges in the 3D model. An example of a practical application of this approach has been presented in this paper for a single-nave hall. The obtained results were compared to the geometrical non-linear calculations of 3D construction model with the geometrical imperfections and to the 2D calculation of the bracing systems model based on codes.
Keywords: concentrations, imperfections, steel hall
Selected factors analysis of shaping energy consumption of modern buildings
Krzysztof Pawłowski, Magdalena Nakielska
Abstract: Energy consumption of a building is defined as the amount of energy (e.g. thermal, electric) supplied to the building from the outside in connection with a proper building operation during a year. It is determined by means of different indicators expressed in kWh (m2·year): applied energy indicator (EU), final energy indicator (EK), and in power engineering characteristics certificates buildings are evaluated in relation to non-renewable primary energy (EP). The majority of consumers think that energy consumption depends on a heating system, therefore, they focus only on looking for a modern and low-maintenance system that produces heat for the needs of a central heating and hot service water. Shaping an energy efficient building (of low energy consumption) is a complex process, in which one is to take into consideration various elements that impact the amount of energy that has been consumed. Simultaneously, building structures should be constructed in order to utilize them comfortably by providing adequate microclimate parameters of the interior. This thesis presents an analysis of the impact of physical parameters of external wall barriers and their joints, and a ventilation system on energy consumption of a building.
Keywords: energy consumption of a building, energy efficient building, external wall barriers, natural ventilation
Short- and long-term compressive strength of mortars modified with hardening accelerating admixtures
Jan Pizoń, Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk
Abstract: This paper presents results of compressive strength tests for Portland cement mortars and mortars with addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Mortars were modified with usage of four different hardening accelerating admixtures. Compressive stress tests were conducted after 12 hours up to 360 days of curing. Effectiveness of those agents is higher for mortars made of cement with addition of GGBFS up to 28th day. After this term some of those admixtures have profitable influence also. It is shown that not every hardening accelerating admixture cause decline of long-term compressive strength of mortars made of some types of cement. Mortars with addition of GGBFS obtains compressive strength after 7 days of curing close to its final strength. It is similarity to CEM I 52,5R mortars without modification by admixtures (with notice to scale of phenomenon).
Keywords: compressive strength of mortars, Portland cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag, hardening accelerating admixtures
House on the outcrop of a mine - architectural form versus structural design conditions
Bogusław Podhalański, Adam Podhalański
Abstract: Designing houses seem to be a trivial issue only if the environment does not set any requirements, and when geotechnical conditions are ideal. Leaving aside the complex problems of the relationship between the designer and the client and between the designer and the architectural administration, there are significant issues concerning architectural form, function and structure. Complications arise in cases of difficult spatial conditions, arising under existing local spatial development plans, as well as in the case of locations that feature complex geotechnical conditions. Designing a singlefamily home for very a demanding client in the middle of a big city, in the immediate vicinity of other structures and greenery protected due to architectural conservation and - in addition - located almost exactly on the outcrop of a mine, is already a kind of challenge for all the parties involved in the whole process of design and, subsequently, construction. The paper presents the manner in which these complex problems have been solved, illustrating important issues using fragments of the structural and architectural technical design, as well as photographs of the construction process.
Keywords: the outcrop of the mine, architectural form, structural design conditions
The significance of the evolution of community legal basis in the low-energy building industry
Marek Ramczyk
Abstract: Since the 80. the low-energy building industry has been spreading all over the world. In this paper you can find a detailed analysis of legal regulations concerning low-energy building industry sector in the European Union. We have also discussed the consequences of the legal regulations introduced in the low-energy building industry area, which might be useful for investors, designers and companies from construction industry. However, the European Union, including Poland, has not introduced any legal regulations exclusively regarding low-energy building industry.
Keywords: low energy construction, sustainable construction, passive house
Interdisciplinary dimensions of security in the shaping of urban space
Adam Rybka, Karolina Kozłowska
Abstract: One of the experiences of the host global nature of modern "world scale" is to understand the multidisciplinary approach in order to provide a sense of security inherent in the comfort of life. Today's world surrendered to the global interdependence weakened voices of individuals, but simultaneously allowed for the multi-storey exchange of experiences. Authors in the present article wanted to concentrate on the fragment of the vast area of theory about the safety; safe forming of the space. Space that can be a factor triggering fear, but also preventing the development of aggressive behavior. The galloping interdependence is melting the exchange of social, scientific experience, so we can observe the multiformity of the approach to the theories about the safe space. Authors want to show diverse face of theories about the safe space; engineering-technical represented mainly by the construction and architecture and the humanistic dimension clearly stressed in sociology, psychology and geography.
Keywords: safety, urban space, environmental psychology, safety theory of construction
Nina Sołkiewicz-Kos, Malwina Tubielewicz-Michalczuk
Abstract: The article presents the trends in the various cladding solutions used in public buildings. We present the design work of students on the modernization of the façade of the “Politechnik” Club of Technology Czestochowa University of Technology. They include the current issues of thermal modernization of existing facilities and the use of modern technology and materials. Design concepts demonstrate the variety of architectural solutions giving you a chance to renew the existing space in the context of the development of the area.
Keywords: “Politechnik” Club, modernization, elevation, ArchiCAD
Agata Stolarska, Agata Poniecka, Marta Rosołek
Abstract: The article presents an assessment of the results of the research process drying of cement mortars which are diversed by type of the cement and water-cement ratio w/c. It was assumed three levels of the w/c ratio, namely 0.5; 0.55 and 0.6. Conditioning of the prepared mortars was carried out at three levels of temperature: +5, +20 and +30°C. Measurement data enabled the determination of graphs depicting the rate of weight loss samples of cement mortars in 27 cases evaluated.
Keywords: mortars, cement, drying kinetics
New research areas in architecture electromagnetic structure of architectural object
Bogusław Szuba
Abstract: Based on applying the so-called electric outline substitute, determined with regard to the given architectural object in the individual way, an attempt to explain of the physical co-influence of his lump, as the filter of the frequency of induced currents in his structural elements was taken. Similarly to the static scheme which lets study schedules of stresses of powers appearing in the given structure, such an electric substitute scheme enables to conduct analysis of the co-influence of the object with existing in the determined location electromagnetic field. The presented by the author method of the electric substitute scheme of the architectural building is opening new fields research, allowing for the searching of practical applications, until now unknown in the field of architecture.
Keywords: architectural object, electrical substitute diagram, electromagnetic structure of the object
Architecture of public space as a multiple memorable memory
Malwina Tubielewicz-Michalczuk
Abstract: The article is an analysis of the role of today's memorial sites and to identify selected, the dominant trends in the design of architectural and landscape. Designers commemorate historical places (monuments, tombs, parks memory), and important for the society, the tragic events by emphasizing projects in their symbolism and behavior in the memory. The work shows selected examples, how properly designed contemporary public spaces with a significant role to improve the image and create the aesthetics of the landscape of the city connecting the present with the past.
Keywords: places of remembrance, landscape architecture, monuments
Repair of reinforced concrete slabs of balconies in multifamily buildings
Artur Wójcicki, Kazimierz Sokołowski
Abstract: Reinforced concrete elements used for many years under various conditions have different degree of destruction. Elements subjected to the direct weather impact and unprotected from it are subjected faster to the general degradation. Reinforced concrete slabs of balconies are the most often met example. Damage arising causes degradation of slabs and do not let to use it more. Depending on the state of concrete, the cover of bars and separately reinforcement restoring original functional parameters can be made in the different way. In extreme cases global reconstruction of elements is necessary. Current state of reinforced concrete slabs of balconies after many years of usage and a way of reconstruction at the example of the elements of multifamily buildings are presented in this paper.
Keywords: reinforced concrete slabs, balcony, multi-family buildings, repair
Acoustic investigations of the Assumption Blessed Virgin Mary church’s in Gliwice
Antonina Żaba, Michał Marchacz
Abstract: On the Silesian’s Voivodeship area is maintained in a good technical conditions a lot of interesting monumental wooden objects. It’s located on the Wooden Architecture Route (short as “Route”) of the voivodeship. Forming of the regional identity by contact with monuments with are placed on the “Route” area, it’s intention of the founders of the “Route”. Individual visiting in objects give a possibilities of contact with monuments for voivodeship’s residents, also by varied tourist offer connected with objects. Most numerous group on the “Route” are churches. Except liturgical function, exactly churches can have culturally and educational function too. More and more often are organized in these objects musical concerts and theatrical productions. In connection with this, interest of owners, administrators, and users enjoy acoustic investigations, which can evaluate acoustic climate historical interiors. On the area of the one of the “Route’s” loops, Gliwice loop are placed churches with diversified structures, volumes, age and reach polychromes. One of the most interesting objects is church of the Assumption Blessed Virgin Mary’s. He derived from Zembovice (Opole Voivodeship). Church was double located in Gliwice. At the time of the last conveyance and temporary storage, substantial part of historic wooden body of monumental was destroyed. The paper presents acoustic investigations of the church’s interior made by authors after retreat reconstruction destroyed elements in theirs primary form, but by using new wood. By this way reconstructed church (his interior) became acoustically described by measurements of the reverberation time. Obtained results were submitted to evaluation by comparison with objects with similar geometrical attributes and also saved primary wooden matter.
Keywords: acoustics, historic churches, reverberation time
The resulting temperature formation in the bathroom during various processes associated with its use
Henryk Żelazny
Abstract: The resulting temperature reproduces the behavior of the human body in terms of heat exchange by convection and radiation. The aim of this study was to analyze the resulting temperature formation in the bathroom in the reinforced concrete prefabricated building during washing in the washbasin, a bath under the shower or in the bathtub, washing in the washing machine and drying clothes. Thermal comfort index was evaluated using meter microclimate MM-01 with probes suspended on a tripod at a height 1.5 meters from the floor. The air temperature fluctuated during various processes related to the use of the room from 20.7°C to 24.9°C and radiation temperature accepted values from 20.5°C to 24.9°C . The resulting temperature calculated on the basis of the parameters of air does not change by more than the permissible 1.5°C when people without clothes are in the bathroom. Fulfillment the thermal comfort in that situation takes place at 24°C. The resulting temperature during underwear drying was almost 20°C so characterized itself too small value for this kind of room. Washing, washing in the washing machine had little impact on the change in thermal conditions in the bathroom.
Keywords: result temperature, thermal comfort, bathroom
Henryk Żelazny, Bartłomiej Bednarz
Abstract: Deciduous trees are used as finishing materials, for example: floors, facings and window woodwork. Recognizes that the poplar and alder can be used in structures. Despite the restrictions on use in the constructions deciduous trees, standards containing strength classes describe the characteristic values of mechanical features for this kind of wood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness beech, oak, ash and sycamore for use in the beams. Flexural strength and shear strength of the species identified in specialistic laboratory. As authoritative maximum forces working on standardized samples accepted the arithmetic means of three repetitions. The beech, oak and ash obtained very good characteristic flexural strength (more than 100 MPa). Very similar results were obtained from measurements of shear, except the sycamore. It can be concluded that the not only poplar and alder can be used as construction timber but beech, oak and ash may be used as construction wood.
Keywords: deciduous wood, bending strength, wooden beam systems
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